Manson JE, et al. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:33-44./Manson JE, et al. Marine n-3 fatty acids and prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:23-32.(VITAL 試験。ビタミンD 2,000 IU/日で浸潤がん HR 0.96・主要心血管イベント 0.97。オメガ3 1 g/日で主要心血管イベント 0.92・がん 1.03。いずれも有意差なし)
LeBoff MS, et al. Supplemental vitamin D and incident fractures in midlife and older adults. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:299-309.(全骨折 HR 0.98。ビタミンD不足や骨粗鬆症で選ばれていない、健康な中高年)
ASCEND Study Collaborative Group. Effects of n-3 fatty acid supplements in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1540-50.(重大な血管イベント RR 0.97)/Nicholls SJ, et al. JAMA. 2020;324:2268-80.(STRENGTH 試験、効果の見込みが低いとして早期中止)
US Preventive Services Task Force; Mangione CM, et al. Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer. JAMA. 2022;327:2326-33.(βカロテン・ビタミンEは使わないよう勧告〔D〕。マルチビタミンは証拠不十分〔I〕)
Gaziano JM, et al. Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;308:1871-80.(全がん HR 0.92)/Loftfield E, et al. Multivitamin use and mortality risk in 3 prospective US cohorts. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2418729.(マルチビタミン使用で死亡が少ない関連はなかった)
Yeung LK, et al. Multivitamin supplementation improves memory in older adults: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023;118:273-82./Sachs BC, et al. Alzheimers Dement. 2023;19:4863-71.(軽度認知障害・認知症の発症は減らなかった)
Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1029-35.(喫煙者でβカロテンにより肺がん +18%)/Omenn GS, et al. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1150-5.(CARET、早期中止)/Klein EA, et al. JAMA. 2011;306:1549-56.(SELECT、ビタミンEで前立腺がん HR 1.17)
Gencer B, et al. Effect of long-term marine ω-3 fatty acids supplementation on the risk of atrial fibrillation in randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2021;144:1981-90.(心房細動 HR 1.25)